PAM是特别为关节疼痛的机械刺激和评估而设计的，它直接应用了一个被量化的力，且直接读出受试动物的反应。

实验操作人员只需在自己一大拇指套上一个特制的力传感器，仪器将记录受试动物的受力过程，直至动物挣扎。仪器配备了两个力传感器，分别用于大鼠和小鼠。

该仪器包含一个有内置记录功能的控制系统和一个新的DCA软件用于信号检测、数据分析和转换。数据保存以后，可以在控制系统上浏览，也可以转换成Excel或者txt文件保存在电脑里，以便数据分析处理。

• 力直接作用于关节

• 直接测量诱发疼痛

• 专为关节炎研究设计

• 传感器着力点外形根据啮齿类动物关节制造

• 可选配爪压力传感器

• PAM 也可作为一台手持的压痛仪使用

Critical and sub-critical load-induced knee injuries promote long term pain and impaired locomotion in mice S Ishihara, C Blaker, R Miller, E Clarke, C Little… - Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 2018 (Mice, male C57BL/6)

Visualization of Peripheral Neuron Sensitization in a Surgical Mouse Model of Osteoarthritis by In Vivo Calcium Imaging RE Miller, YS Kim, PB Tran, S Ishihara, X Dong… - Arthritis & Rheumatology

Chemogenetic inhibition of pain neurons in a mouse model of osteoarthritis RE Miller, S Ishihara, B Bhattacharyya, A Delaney… - Arthritis & Rheumatology, 2017

DEET potentiates the development and persistence of anticholinesterase dependent chronic pain signs in a rat model of Gulf War Illness pain LK Flunker, TJ Nutter, RD Johnson, BY Cooper - Toxicology and Applied …, 2017

Characterization of the nociceptive effect of carrageenan: Masseter vs Gastrocnemius A Bagüés, M Martín‐Fontelles, J Esteban‐Hernández… - Muscle & Nerve, 2016

Efficacy and safety of adult human bone marrow-derived, cultured, pooled, allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (Stempeucel®): preclinical and clinical trial in … PK Gupta, A Chullikana, M Rengasamy, N Shetty… - Arthritis Research & …, 2016

T.J. Nutter et alia: “A Delayed Chronic Pain Like Condition with Decreased KV Channel Activity in a Rat Model of Gulf War Illness Pain Syndrome” NeuroToxicology 51: 67-69, 2015

D. Amorim et alia: “Amitriptyline reverses hyperalgesia and improves associated mood-like disorders in a model of experimental monoarthritis” Behav. Brain Res 265: 12-21, 2014

S. Mohammadi et alia: “α9-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Contribute to the Maintenance of Chronic Mechanical Hyperalgesia, but not Thermal or Mechanical Allodynia” Molecular Pain 10(64): 1-9, 2014

B. Cooper: “Synergistic Actions of Pyridostigmine Bromide and Insecticides on Muscle and Vascular Nociceptors” DTIC Document, Jan 2014

T. Schwagarus et alia: “A New Method for Measuring CFA-induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia in the Rat” Evotec 2012

J. Leuchtweis et alia: “Validation of the Digital Pressure Application Measurement (PAM) Device for Detection of Primary Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Rat and Mouse Antigen-Induced Knee Joint Arthritis...” Methods & Findings in Exp. & Clinical Pharmacol., 32(8): 581-589, 2010

38550 Large Animal PAM

Docking piglet tails: How much does it hurt and for how long? P Di Giminiani, A Nasirahmadi, EM Malcolm, MC Leach… - Physiology & Behavior, 2017 (Piglet)

Pre-Test Habituation Improves the Reliability of a Handheld Test of Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold in Dairy Cows” P.M. Raundal et alia, Res. In Vet. Science 102: 189-195, 2015 (Cows)

Capsaicin-induced Neurogenic Inflammation in Pig Skin: A Behavioural Study P. Di Giminiani et alia, Res. In Vet Science 96(3): 447-453, 2014 (Pig)

Nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical stimulations in awake pigs P. Di Giminiani et alia, Eur. J. Pain 17(5): 638-648, 2013 (Pig)